![]() #Descargar mortal kombat project 4.1 season 2.9 full mega serial# This observation suggests that appropriate trend analysis methodology for climate studies is necessary. ![]() Additionally, about 70% of the urban areas showed higher positive air temperature trends, compared with peri-urban areas. There were not clear trend signatures (i.e., mix of increase or decrease) when comparing urban vs peri-urban precipitation in each selected city. ![]() Overall, cities located in dry areas, for example, in Africa, southern parts of North America, and Eastern Asia, showed a decrease in annual and seasonal precipitation, while wetter conditions were favorable for cities located in wet regions such as, southeastern South America, eastern North America, and northern Europe. A positive relationship was observed between decadal trends of annual/seasonal air temperature and precipitation for all urban and peri-urban areas, with a higher rate being observed for urban areas. Surface temperatures are generally higher in cities than in rural surroundings. This phenomenon, known as Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI), increases the risk of heat-related human illnesses and mortality. Past global studies analysed this phenomenon aggregated at city scale or over seasonal and annual time periods, while human impacts strongly depend on shorter term heat stress experienced locally. Here we develop a global long-term high-resolution dataset of daytime SUHI, offering an insight into the space–time variability of the urban–rural temperature differences which is unprecedented at global scale. Our results show that across urban areas worldwide over the period 2003–2020, 3-day SUHI extremes are on average more than twice as high as the warm-season median SUHI, with local exceedances up to 10 K. ![]() Over this period, SUHI extremes have increased more rapidly than warm-season medians, and averaged worldwide are now 1.04 K or 31% higher compared to 2003. This can be linked with increasing urbanisation, more frequent heatwaves, and greening of the earth, processes that are all expected to continue in the coming decades. Within many cities there are hotspots where extreme SUHI intensity is 10–15 K higher compared to relatively cooler city parts. Given the limited human adaptability to heat stress, our results advocate for mitigation strategies targeted at reducing SUHI extremes in the most vulnerable and exposed city neighbourhoods. In this study, the 250-year precipitation data, and the 200-year temperature data belonging to the Radcliffe station located in Oxford city of England have been analyzed. The piecewise trends, their magnitudes, and stabilities have been determined in the study through modified Mann–Kendall (m-MK), Sen’s slope (SS), and Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA) methodologies. This study is mainly proposed to suggest a new approach for the trend slope (magnitude) based on the ITA with Trend Slope Risk Charts (TSRC). The numerical evaluation of the trends obtained through the ITA graphs has been made for the first time via TSRC. The average trend magnitudes have been calculated for 50% risk level by forming the Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) charts of the trend increase (or decrease) percentages to define the trend magnitudes over a single magnitude for the ITA methodology. ![]() The experts can find a chance with the TSRC to evaluate in detail the trend magnitudes for different numerical values. The m-MK methodology regarding total annual precipitation data emphasizes that there is no trend in general except for the three combinations. Nonetheless, there are trend increases in nine combinations, and partial trend decreases in two charts except for the 1871–19–2020 periods, according to the ITA methodology. On the other hand, the trend increases for five of the six combinations that are formed to determine the piecewise trends of the annual mean temperature data, and no trend evaluation for one of them is nearly similar for the m-MK and ITA methodologies.
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